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geography and wealth
Geography and wealth have long been perceived as correlated attributes of nations.〔(The Income-Temperature Relationship in a Cross-Section of Countries and its Implications for Global Warming )〕 The continents along the equator, Africa and India, are the poorest. Even within Africa and India this effect can be seen, as the nations farthest from the equator are wealthier. In Africa the wealthiest nations are the three on the southern tip of the continent, South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia, and the countries of North Africa. Similarly in South America Argentina, Southern Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay have long been the wealthiest. Within Asia, Indonesia, located on the equator, is among the poorest. Within Central Asia, Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south, like Uzbekistan.〔(Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP in 2005 )〕 The wealthiest nations of the world with the highest standard of living tend to be those at the northern extreme of areas open to human habitation, Canada, and the Nordic Countries. Within the wealthy continents, and even within large countries, wealth increases with distance from the equator. Southern United States has long been poorer than its northeast counterpart.
Researchers at Harvard's Center for International Development (CID) found in 2001 that only three tropical economies — Hong Kong, Singapore, and part of Taiwan — were classified as high-income by the World Bank, while all countries within regions zoned as temperate had either middle- or high-income economies.〔( Location, Location, Location )〕
There are exceptions, for example, Russia is less well off than the United States, or even Australia; the latter country is wealthier than Southern Europe. Also, within Russia, Moscow and especially St. Petersburg are wealthier than, for example, Siberia. Similarly, Germany's poorest regions are situated in the North East. The wealthiest nations of Central America are generally those closest to the equator, namely Panama and Costa Rica, and Mongolia is poorer than China. Also, Alaska and Canada are poorer than the mainland United States. In Canada, the poorest region is in the North. In China, the poorest regions are in the West and the North East. And in south-east Asia, the richest nations are Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore, straddling the equator.
==Measurement==
Most of the recent studies use national GDP per capita, as measured by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, as the unit of comparison. Intra-national comparisons use their own data, and political divisions such as states or provinces then delineate the study areas.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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